Paper 2025/372

KLPT²: Algebraic Pathfinding in Dimension Two and Applications

Abstract

Following Ibukiyama, Katsura and Oort, all principally polarized superspecial abelian surfaces over $\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p$ can be represented by a certain type of $2 \times 2$ matrix $g$, having entries in the quaternion algebra $B_{p,\infty}$. We present a heuristic polynomial-time algorithm which, upon input of two such matrices $g_1, g_2$, finds a "connecting matrix" representing a polarized isogeny of smooth degree between the corresponding surfaces. Our algorithm should be thought of as a two-dimensional analog of the KLPT algorithm from 2014 due to Kohel, Lauter, Petit and Tignol for finding a connecting ideal of smooth norm between two given maximal orders in $B_{p,\infty}$. The KLPT algorithm has proven to be a versatile tool in isogeny-based cryptography, and our analog has similar applications; we discuss two of them in detail. First, we show that it yields a polynomial-time solution to a two-dimensional analog of the so-called constructive Deuring correspondence: given a matrix $g$ representing a superspecial principally polarized abelian surface, realize the latter as the Jacobian of a genus-$2$ curve (or, exceptionally, as the product of two elliptic curves if it concerns a product polarization). Second, we show that, modulo a plausible assumption, Charles-Goren-Lauter style hash functions from superspecial principally polarized abelian surfaces require a trusted set-up. Concretely, if the matrix $g$ associated with the starting surface is known then collisions can be produced in polynomial time. We deem it plausible that all currently known methods for generating a starting surface indeed reveal the corresponding matrix. As an auxiliary tool, we present an explicit table for converting $(2,2)$-isogenies into the corresponding connecting matrix, a step for which a previous method by Chu required super-polynomial (but sub-exponential) time.